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Psychological Safety and Creating Open Dialogue

September 14, 2020

Psychological Safety and Creating Open Dialogue


Good communication is vital for effective functioning of any team. However, if you have ever been on a team where the team leader openly criticizes team members, aggressively interrogates them to pick holes in their ideas, dismisses member’s contributions or plays one off against the other, you have witnessed how a leader can stifle open communication and create an atmosphere where people feel unsafe to say what they really think. A leader can destroy trust and openness by reducing the level of psychological safety and in turn, weakening the overall performance of the team. In the absence of psychological safety, people learn to keep quiet and avoid disagreeing with the leader and are reluctant to be honest and direct about their views, concerns and mistakes. We know from decision-making research that decisions are enhanced when all the facts and all the views of team members are given a fair hearing. However, when the leader has strong views and is unwilling to listen to alternative perspectives, the leader’s biases will go unchallenged and decisions will be less objective and often flawed. Confirmation bias, overconfidence bias, optimism bias, status quo bias and many others have been identified by researchers as the sources of bad decisions that can lead to fatal organizational errors. Team leaders need to learn to be open to and supportive of new ideas, to listen carefully, invite challenges and let the facts win. They need to ask questions to “disconfirm” their own views, opinions and mental models. They need to build the team’s willingness to share information, focus on the facts and engage in open and honest dialogue rather than suppressing open dialogue. Team members need to feel safe, comfortable and encouraged to bring up their concerns, address difficult issues and problems and challenge how the leader, the team or the organization does things. 

 

The importance of psychological safety.

 “Psychological safety” is a term created by Harvard researcher Amy Edmondson in the late 1990s. Essentially, it is “a belief that one will not be punished or humiliated for speaking up with ideas, questions, concerns or mistakes.” Edmondson found, to her surprise, that teams that admitted to making many mistakes were more effective than those claiming few mistakes. The reason, she discovered, was that the teams that appeared to be making more mistakes were more likely to admit where they had gone wrong, and were then able to discuss it, fix it, and avoid similar errors in future. But in order to admit and discuss mistakes, conflicts and problems, team members needed to feel safe. 


Google’s large-scale study of teamwork in the mid-2010s, code-named “Project Aristotle,” corroborated Edmonson’s work. It found that of five critical factors behind effective teamwork, psychological safety was #1. “Psychological safety refers to an individual’s perception of the consequences of taking an interpersonal risk or a belief that a team is safe for risk taking, in the face of being seen as ignorant, incompetent, negative, or disruptive.” 


When there is psychological safety on a team, teammates feel it is okay to admit they’ve made a mistake, or don’t understand something and need it clarified. Team members feel that they can bring up a topic and feel comfortable that they can share their concerns or mistakes without fear of humiliation or retribution. They feel confident that they will not be judged, punished, or embarrassed. A sense of psychological safety sets people free to take risks, to speak their minds and offer their ideas, so it forms a solid basis for open participation and collaboration. It fosters creativity, confidence, and open-mindedness. ‘‘It describes a team climate characterized by interpersonal trust and mutual respect,” Edmondson wrote, “in which people are comfortable being themselves.’’ 


Call out negative behavior .

 On the other hand, it doesn’t mean that “anything goes.” When members exhibit behavior that isn’t collaborative, or in some way is not conducive to a safe, supportive team environment, it is the leader’s responsibility to let the member know that this behavior is unacceptable. Leaders must create an atmosphere where everyone gives candid feedback. This may mean challenging inappropriate comments or aggressive, competitive behavior, either in the group or individually. It is also important to call out behaviors that reflect a “silo mentality,” where members focus on their own self-interest or their group or team’s agenda, rather than the interests of the entire team. Do this as soon as possible after the incident occurs. But be careful and don’t just focus on pointing out the holes in the logic of team members’ suggestions or ideas. In your effort to get to the truth, you may be intimidating a valued team member. Calling out negative behavior is important, but it is equally vital for the team leader to reinforce, recognize, and acknowledge behavior that is supportive and collaborative. “I really liked the way that you did …x.” Team members see and appreciate it when the leader does this.


“In his position it is absolutely critical to build strength and camaraderie among team members. Louis does this VERY well. Not only through his words, but, more importantly, through his actions. When asking for team support, he is first to volunteer his time and effort, and rewards those who help with praise and genuine accolades.”


 Treat team members with respect.

It is important that when team members speak, they need to feel that their ideas or views are valued and will be given consideration. Dismissive comments from the leader or other team members shows disrespect. The leader needs to model respect but also be willing to confront members who show disrespect. When team members make a mistake, it is important to avoid judgmentalness or blame and focus on helping them improve or learn. From your side as the leader, show your respect by:


 

  • Valuing the competence and contributions of all team members and functions, and building trust in members’ skills and their ability to do the job assigned to them 
  • Willingness to give credit to others for their contributions and accomplishments
  • Being supportive of calculated risks, and viewing mistakes as opportunities for growth and learning 
  • Never criticize individuals in team meetings or in other public forums.
  • Never be dismissive of the ideas, comments, and contributions of team members
  • Never attack team members or allow yourself to engage in frequent outbursts of anger
  • Never use language that members may find offensive or insensitive

 

As the leader, look for ways to foster empathy between team members. This is essential for building bonds of trust and gives people insight into what other team members are thinking and feeling and why they are reacting the way they are. Empathy helps team members relate thoughtfully and compassionately to one another. It is the ability to identify and understand another's situation, thoughts, feelings, concerns and motives. It is the capacity to recognize the concerns other people have, no matter how different from your concerns. It means putting yourself in the other person's shoes or seeing things through someone else's eyes. Sharing information, telling the truth, admitting mistakes, giving and receiving honest feedback, and maintaining confidentiality all contribute to an atmosphere of openness and trust. 


 Following are key points for establishing and maintaining good communication and open dialogue among team members. 


 

  1. Team discussions need to be open. Everyone must say what they think and mean what they say. Good ideas and honest sharing of views are the basis for decisions that help the organization get results. Effective dialogue is interactive and requires that all members actively participate. 
  2. Members must be willing to disagree with each other and with the leader, but in a constructive manner. Trust is crucial: members must feel safe to express opinions without fear of attack, humiliation or retribution.
  3. When both the leader and team members feel free to give each other honest feedback, this helps everyone understand how their strengths and weaknesses are impacting their performance and shows where they might need to adjust their behavior to be more effective.
  4.  Be careful of people’s feelings. Encourage everyone to listen to each other and seek to understand before judging and being understood. Discourage social competitiveness and trying to win debates. By your example, show people how to build on each other’s ideas. 
  5.  As the leader, when you express your own ideas and opinions, pay attention to everyone’s reactions to make sure you are not intimidating team members. You need to show them that openly sharing their ideas, perspectives and opinions is both encouraged and respected. Putting a variety of ideas on the table is a vital step in problem solving and decision making. So be sure to invite everyone’s participation in brainstorming sessions, and encourage them to bring up all ideas, even half-formed, intuitive hunches. 
  6. One of the rules of brainstorming is to withhold judgment and criticism until everyone’s ideas have been heard and considered. Brainstorming is about generating as many ideas as possible and creating an atmosphere of unrestrained and spontaneous participation in discussion. Evaluation of ideas comes later. Obviously, some ideas will be better than others, but the leader must get members to think about possibilities rather than constraints, problems or difficulties in implementation. The goal is divergent thinking. Later, convergent thinking will narrow the focus and consider problems, constraints, and practicality.

 


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Let's be brutally honest. In the cutthroat world of modern business, we obsess over metrics, strategies, and market share. We chase innovation, efficiency, and the next big disruption. But what if I told you that the single most powerful, yet often overlooked, asset in your leadership arsenal isn't a new technology or a groundbreaking business model, but something far more fundamental? It's trust . Research reveals that trust isn't just a "nice-to-have" soft skill; it's the bedrock of every high-performing team, the fuel for innovation, and the hidden engine of organizational success. Ignore it at your peril, because the cost of low trust isn't just a dip in morale—it's a direct hit to your bottom line, your talent pipeline, and your legacy as a leader. The Uncomfortable Truth: Trust is Your Most Valuable Capital Think of trust not as an abstract concept, but as tangible capital for your organization. It’s the "first step of genuine and effective leadership". Without it, people simply won't follow you. This isn't hyperbole; it's a stark reality backed by compelling data. Companies with high trust factors report staggering benefits: 74% less stress, 13% fewer sick days, and a remarkable 40% less burnout among employees compared to their low-trust counterparts. This translates directly into reduced operational costs and a healthier, more engaged workforce. Employees in high-trust organizations are also 50% more likely to stay with their employer long-term, drastically cutting turnover costs and retaining invaluable talent. Beyond retention, trust ignites collaboration. When your team trusts each other and you, they share ideas freely, seek help without hesitation, and work cohesively towards shared goals. This isn't just about being "nice"; it leads to more innovative solutions, superior problem-solving, and a cohesive, high-performing workforce. Google's own Project Aristotle, a deep dive into team effectiveness, concluded that high-performing teams are simply impossible without trust. It is the very bedrock for open communication and innovation. A high-trust environment also minimizes micromanagement, granting employees the autonomy and confidence to make decisions and focus on meaningful work, boosting productivity and efficiency. And the ripple effect extends outward: employees who feel trusted and respected internally are far more likely to deliver exceptional customer service, enhancing brand loyalty and driving business growth. So, if trust is so powerful, why do so many leaders struggle with it? The Three Non-Negotiable Pillars: Where Leaders Often Stumble Research has identified three fundamental pillars of trustworthiness: Ability, Integrity, and Benevolence . Here's the critical, often misunderstood, part: trustworthiness is a product of these three, not a sum. This means if you score a zero in any one of these areas, your overall trustworthiness plummets to zero, regardless of how stellar you are in the others. Let that sink in. You can be a brilliant strategist (high Ability), but if your team perceives you as dishonest (zero Integrity), your trust account is empty. You can be the most ethical person in the room (high Integrity), but if you consistently fail to deliver on promises (zero Ability), trust evaporates. And perhaps the most insidious blind spot for many leaders: you can be competent and honest, but if you lack genuine care and kindness for your team (zero Benevolence), you will not be trusted. Let's break them down: Ability: This is your professional competence – your skills, knowledge, and, most importantly, your consistent delivery on promises. As one CEO put it, "Trustworthiness is about doing what it says on the tin". If you say you'll do something, do it. Period. Integrity: This is "walking the talk." It's about being reliable in your behaviors, consistently upholding your values, and demonstrating honesty, openness, and fairness. Even a minor ethical slip from years ago can permanently damage a leader's perceived integrity. Benevolence: This is the genuine concern for the well-being of others – care, generosity, and kindness. The most potent destroyer of trust is the perception that you're acting solely in your own self-interest. Leaders who publicly humiliate or criticize team members, even if they are otherwise capable, will struggle to build trust due to a glaring lack of benevolence. It’s time to "re-humanize the workplace". The Blueprint for Building Unshakeable Trust Building trust is a deliberate, ongoing process. It requires conscious effort and consistent action. Here's how leaders who truly get it cultivate high-trust environments: Be Authentically Transparent and Accountable: Authenticity is the very foundation of trust. Be open about your intentions, share insights into decision-making, and, crucially, admit your mistakes. When you own your fallibilities, you create a psychologically safe environment where others feel safe to do the same. This vulnerability, counter-intuitively, builds immense trust. Practice Radical Empathy and Active Listening: Empathetic leaders genuinely value their employees' needs and desires. Respect is the "cornerstone of trust". This means not just hearing, but actively listening – giving full attention, asking clarifying questions, paraphrasing to confirm understanding, and empathizing with their feelings. It signals genuine value for their input and builds a deeper connection. Be a Beacon of Consistency and Reliability: Consistency is paramount, especially when paired with empathy. Your actions must consistently match your words. Reliability is, in fact, the top trust-building factor identified by business leaders, with 90% considering it important. When your team knows what to expect from you, uncertainty diminishes, and trust flourishes. Cultivate Mindfulness and Self-Awareness: This isn't just a wellness trend; it's a leadership imperative. Mindfulness enhances your cognitive capacity, flexibility, and ability to "re-perceive" situations objectively. It improves self-awareness and self-regulation, ensuring your actions align with your values, not just automatic reactions. A mindful leader is better equipped to exhibit all the behaviors necessary for building trust. Champion Fairness and Resolve Conflict: Leaders who fairly distribute rewards, maintain transparency, and enforce unbiased policies build trust. Addressing fears and resolving conflicts quickly and fairly strengthens team trust, enhancing collaboration and engagement. The Silent Sabotage: How Leaders Accidentally Destroy Trust Now for the uncomfortable part. Many leaders, often with good intentions, inadvertently erode trust through subtle behaviors that chip away at the foundation. These aren't always malicious acts, but rather blind spots that have devastating consequences: Inconsistent Actions and Unkept Commitments: You say one thing but do another. You make promises, even small ones, and fail to follow through. This gap between words and deeds is a trust killer, making teams feel unheard and disengaged. Lack of Transparency and Disengagement: You sideline key stakeholders in decisions, offer inconsistent messaging, or simply become physically or emotionally unavailable. This signals a profound lack of investment and erodes confidence, often without you even realizing the impact. Micromanagement and Disrespect for Time: You constantly hover, dictate every detail, or retract delegated tasks. This screams, "I don't trust you to do your job," leading to a reciprocal loss of trust. Similarly, frequent reschedules, unreturned messages, or unnecessary meetings signal that your team's time isn't valued, breeding resentment. Unethical Behavior and Compromising Values: Even a seemingly minor ethical lapse can permanently damage your integrity. When you compromise the organization's core values, your team notices, and their trust in your leadership crumbles. Ignoring Performance Issues: When a team member isn't pulling their weight or is negatively impacting the team, and you "look the other way," it demoralizes everyone else. It signals a lack of fairness and accountability, eroding trust in your leadership. Displaying Superiority or Losing Composure: Acting superior, undervaluing team perspectives, or losing your temper in communications makes employees feel disrespected and unheard. The "One-Size-Fits-All" Fallacy: Applying a uniform leadership style to diverse, multicultural teams can be perceived as autocratic and lead to a significant loss of trust, as it ignores crucial cultural nuances. Expecting Others to Earn Your Trust Without Reciprocating: You demand trust from your team, but you don't extend it first. Healthy relationships, including professional ones, are never one-sided. The Passive "My Door Is Always Open": Simply saying "my door is always open" is not enough. If you don't actively seek input, schedule check-ins, and create safe spaces for dialogue, many voices will remain unheard, and trust will not grow. The Devastating Fallout: What Happens When Trust Dies The consequences of low trust are not theoretical; they are devastatingly real: Disengagement and High Turnover: Energy and enthusiasm drain away. Individuals feel undervalued, leading to high turnover rates, decreased productivity, and widespread dissatisfaction. Friction and Unresolved Conflict: Without trust, conflicts escalate. Teams avoid addressing issues, engage in "polite nodding" without genuine agreement, or resort to passive-aggressive behaviors and gossip, creating a toxic atmosphere. Stifled Innovation: The fear of rejection or ridicule suppresses creativity. Teams hesitate to propose new ideas or challenge the status quo, leaving the organization stagnant and vulnerable to competitors. Lack of Feedback and Misunderstandings: Team members are reluctant to give or seek feedback, fearing judgment or repercussions. This means valuable insights go unshared, and opportunities for growth are missed. Negative assumptions about intentions lead to strained relationships and a focus on self-protection over collaboration. Low Confidence and Indecision: Individuals second-guess their abilities, doubt decisions, and hesitate to take risks, further stifling creativity and progress. Your Call to Action: Reclaim Your Superpower Trust is not built overnight, nor is it maintained passively. It requires consistent, deliberate effort. If trust has been eroded, it can be rebuilt, but it demands honesty, humility, and sustained action. Acknowledge your missteps, own them, and commit to consistent behaviors that prove your reliability over time. Re-engage with your team, prioritize benevolence, and shift from demanding trust to actively earning it. In today's complex and rapidly changing world, trust is not just a competitive advantage; it's a prerequisite for survival. Leaders who master the art and science of building and sustaining trust will not only foster more engaged, innovative, and productive teams but will also forge a legacy of true, impactful leadership.  Are you ready to unlock your ultimate leadership superpower? The choice, and the action, is yours.
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